Utjecaj supstitucijske terapije i zaraženosti virusom hepatitisa C na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima [Influence of substitution therapy and hepatitis C virus infection on the quality of life of individuals with opioid dependence]

Ćelić, Ivan (2019) Utjecaj supstitucijske terapije i zaraženosti virusom hepatitisa C na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima [Influence of substitution therapy and hepatitis C virus infection on the quality of life of individuals with opioid dependence]. PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.

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Abstract

Opioid dependence is recognized as a chronic recurrent disorder. Because of limited possibilities of completely curing the disorder, the attention is increasingly directed toward outcomes reflecting values, experiences, and wishes of the patient. In other words, outside of the exclusive focus on socially acceptable goals (like achieving and maintaining abstinence), comprehensive overall care for those with opioid dependence is directed today toward goals that are in line with a patient’s needs and expectations. In that sense, quality of life is singled out as a particularly important goal, or more precisely quality of life associated with health. Previous research has indicated that there is an extremely low quality of life of those with opioid dependence prior to initiation of treatment, with a moderate and time limited influence of substitution therapy on its improvement. In addition to that, most research has shown that there are no significant differences in influence on quality of life between those with opioid dependence who are on buprenorphine and those on methadone substitution therapy. Because of that, longitudinal research was conducted on a convenience sample of individuals with opioid dependence treated in University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče and Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health. In order to control for a number of factors that might have a significant and independent association with the quality of life of those with opioid dependence, stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. SF- 36 questionnaire was used to assess quality of life, while BDI questionnaire was used to assess depression. Participants were assessed twice, at the inclusion in the study and after six months, and the main aim of the research was to determine the quality of life and possible factors influencing it in individuals with opioid dependence treated with methadone or buprenorphine substitution therapy. Also, the quality of life of opioid dependence patients was compared to the quality of life of the general population, and the possible influence of the hepatitis C virus infection and previous interferon treatment on the quality of life of opioid dependence patients with substitution therapy was assessed. The research finally included 202 participants, 110 of which received buprenorphine, and 92 methadone substitution therapy in the observed period. Participants on buprenorphine substitution therapy in this study at both first and second evaluation had statistically significantly better quality of life than participants on methadone substitution therapy. Differences observed at the second evaluation were more pronounced than those seen at the first evaluation (except in the somatic illness domain they did not reach statistical significance), and in line with that in the observed period there was an improvement in the quality of life of those with opioid dependence on buprenorphine substitution therapy. In a significant number of participants from both substitution therapy groups significantly better quality of life was seen at the second evaluation compared to the initial evaluation. That effect was especially pronounced in individuals with opioid dependence on buprenorphine substitution who had improvement in all domains of quality of life during the observed period. In participants on methadone substitution, between two evaluations there was an improvement only in the domain of physical functioning (p = 0.007) and perception of general health (p = 0.040). Receiving buprenorphine substitution (compared to methadone) in the 6-month study period was a significant predictor of the improvement of the quality of life associated with health in following domains: limitations due to physical problems, limitations due to emotional problems, mental health, vitality, and physical pain. Furthermore, when cumulatively comparing ratio of participants with improved quality of life between two evaluations in methadone and buprenorphine group in the total number of participants, in those who were HCV positive and those previously treated with interferon, it can be seen that in all three groups significant improvement in the quality of life occurred in the domain of limitations due to emotional problems, mental health, and physical pain. In other words, it is these domains that could be specified as those being influenced by buprenorphine substitution the most , which might reflect the true differences and benefits of the specific pharmacologic profile of buprenorphine. The results are greatly in line with the existing scientific literature, but what stood out is the significant difference in the influence on the quality of life of the buprenorphine substitution compared to methadone, as well as the result that the quality of life in numerous domains for those on buprenorphine substitution at the second evaluation equaled that of, and in some proved better (especially in domains associated with physical health) than that in general population. Contrary to that, quality of life for those participants receiving methadone substitution was significantly worse than that of general population, except in the domain of physical functioning. The results of this research show that the hepatitis C virus infection has a strong effect on the quality of life of those with opioid dependence, regardless of the substitution therapy. Also, previous interferon treatment affected the quality of life of those with opioid dependence significantly, regardless of the substitution therapy and the hepatitis C virus infection. However, even in those participant subgroups significantly better quality of life was seen in the participants on buprenorphine substitution. The results of this research are an important contribution to the understanding of the relationship of the influence of buprenorphine and methadone on the quality of life of those with opioid dependence. It is of great significance that in these unique study conditions buprenorphine substitution proved to have significantly more positive effect on the quality of life associated with health than the methadone substitution. Also, it was shown that hepatitis C virus infection and the previous interferon therapy influence the quality of life of those with opioid dependence in a complex manner independent of the substitution therapy.

Abstract in Croatian

Ovisnost o opijatima prepoznata je kao kronična recidivirajuća bolest. Uslijed ograničenih mogućnosti izlječenja same bolesti pozornost je sve više usmjerena prema ishodima koji odražavaju vrijednosti, doživljaje i želje bolesnika. Drugim riječima, mimo usmjerenosti isključivo društveno prihvatljivim ciljevima (poput postizanja i održavanja apstinencije), sveobuhvatna i cjelokupna skrb za ovisnike o opijatima danas, usmjerena je ciljevima koji su u skladu s bolesnikovim potrebama i očekivanjima. Kao posebno važan cilj u tom smislu izdvaja se kvaliteta života, odnosno kvaliteta života vezana uz zdravlje. Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazala su na izrazito nisku kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima prije uključenja u liječenje, uz umjeren i vremenski ograničen utjecaj liječenja supstitucijskom terapiju na poboljšanje iste. Osim toga, većina istraživanja ukazala je kako nema značajne razlike u utjecaju na kvalitetu života između ovisnika o opijatima koji primaju buprenorfinsku i onih koji primaju metadonsku supstitucijsku terapiju. Upravo radi navedenog provedeno je longitudinalno istraživanje na prigodnom uzorku ovisnika o opijatima koji su liječeni u Klinici za psihijatriju Vrapče i Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo dr. Andrija Štampar u Zagrebu. U svrhu kontroliranja brojnih čimbenika koji bi mogli imati značajan nezavisan utjecaj na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima, primijenjeni su strogi uključni i isključni kriteriji. U svrhu procjene kvalitete života korišten je SF-36 upitnik, dok je u svrhu procjene depresivnosti korišten BDI upitnik. Ispitanici su bili podvrgnuti dvama mjerenjima, prilikom uključenja u istraživanje te nakon šest mjeseci, a glavni cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti kvalitetu života i moguće čimbenike utjecaja na istu u ovisnika o opijatima koji se liječe metadonskom i buprenorfinskom supstitucijskom terapijom. Isto tako, kvaliteta života ovisnika o opijatima uspoređena je s kvalitetom života opće populacije te je procjenjivan mogući utjecaj zaraženosti virusom hepatitisa C i prethodnog liječenja iste interferonskom terapijom na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima koji su liječeni supstitucijskom terapijom. U istraživanju je konačno sudjelovalo 202 ispitanika, 110 koji su u promatranom razdoblju primali buprenorfinsku i 92 koja su primali metadonsku supstitucijsku terapiju. Ispitanici koji su primali buprenorfinsku terapiju su u ovome istraživanju imali statistički značajno bolju kvalitetu života u prvom i u drugom mjerenju nego ispitanici koji su primali metadonsku supstitucijsku terapiju. Razlike zabilježene u drugom mjerenju su bile znatno izraženije nego u prvom (osim u domeni tjelesnih bolova nisu dosegli krajnju razinu statističke značajnosti), a slijedom toga u značajno većeg broja ovisnika koji su primali buprenorfinsku terapiju je tijekom promatranog razdoblja došlo do poboljšanja kvalitete života. Kod značajnog broja ispitanika je, i u jednoj i u drugoj terapijskoj skupini, u drugom mjerenju zabilježena statistički značajno bolja kvaliteta života naspram prvog mjerenja. Isto je bilo pogotovo izraženo u ovisnika o opijatima koji su primali buprenorfinsku supstitucijsku terapiju kod kojih je u promatranom razdoblju došlo do poboljšanja u svim domenama kvalitete života. U ispitanika koji su primali metadonsku supstitucijsku terapiju došlo je do poboljšanja kvalitete života između dva mjerenja samo u domenama fizičko funkcioniranje (p = 0,007) i percepcije općeg zdravlja (p = 0,040). Primanje buprenorfinske supstitucijske terapije (naspram metadonske) u razdoblju praćenja od šest mjeseci je bio značajan prediktor poboljšanja kvalitete života vezane uz zdravlje u domenama: ograničenja zbog fizičkih poteškoća, ograničenja zbog emocionalnih poteškoća, mentalno zdravlje, vitalnost te tjelesni bolovi. Nadalje, kada se zbirno uspoređuju omjeri ispitanika s poboljšanom kvalitetom života između dva mjerenja u metadonskoj i buprenorfinskoj skupini u ukupnom broju ispitanika, u ispitanika koji su HCV pozitivni i u onih koji su prethodno liječeni interferonskom terapijom, može se vidjeti kako je u sve tri skupine došlo do značajnog poboljšanja kvalitete života u domenama ograničenje zbog emocionalnih poteškoća, mentalno zdravlje i tjelesni bolovi. Drugim riječima, upravo bi se ove domene mogle označiti kao one kod kojih je utjecaj buprenorfinske supstitucijske terapije najizraženiji, što bi moglo odražavati i stvarnu razliku i koristi specifičnog farmakološkog profila buprenorfina. Rezultati su umnogome sukladni dosadašnjoj znanstvenoj literaturi, no svakako se izdvaja velika razlika u utjecaju na kvalitetu života buprenorfinske supstitucijske terapije naspram metadonske supstitucijske terapije te rezultat da je kvaliteta života ispitanika koji su primali buprenorfinsku terapiju u drugom mjerenju u brojnim domenama kvalitete života dosegla, a u određenim bila i povoljnija (pogotovo u domenama povezanima s fizičkim zdravljem), nego kvaliteta života opće populacije. Nasuprot tome, kvaliteta života ispitanika koji su primali metadonsku terapiju bila je znatno lošija nego ona pripadnika opće populacije, osim u domeni fizičkog funkcioniranja. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako zaraženost virusom hepatitisa C ima snažan učinak na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima neovisno o supstitucijskoj terapiji. Isto tako, i prethodno liječenje interferonskom terapijom ima snažan učinak na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima neovisno o supstitucijskoj terapiji i samoj zaraženosti virusom hepatitisa C. Ipak, i u tim podskupinama ispitanika zabilježena je značajno bolja kvaliteta života u ispitanika koji su primali buprenorfinsku supstitucijsku terapiju. Rezultati istraživanja važan su doprinos razumijevanju odnosa utjecaja buprenorfinske i metadonske supstitucijske terapije na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima. Od velikog je značaja da je u ovim jedinstvenim istraživačkim uvjetima buprenorfinska supstitucijska terapija pokazala značajno pozitivnije djelovanje na kvalitetu života vezanu uz zdravlje nego metadonska supstitucijska terapija. Isto tako, pokazano je kako zaraženost virusom hepatitisa C, kao i prethodno liječenje iste interferonskom terapijom ima složeni utjecaj na kvalitetu života ovisnika o opijatima koji je nezavisan o samoj supstitucijskoj terapiji.

Item Type: Thesis (PhD)
Mentors:
Mentor
Henigsberg, Neven
Departments: Izvan medicinskog fakulteta
Depositing User: Anja Majstorović
University: Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Institution: Medicinski fakultet
Number of Pages: 135
Status: Unpublished
Creators:
CreatorsEmail
Ćelić, IvanUNSPECIFIED
Date: 14 October 2019
Date Deposited: 14 Nov 2019 12:59
Last Modified: 26 Nov 2019 12:33
Subjects: /
Related URLs:
    URI: http://medlib.mef.hr/id/eprint/3487

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