Degoricija, Vesna
(2004)
Uloga sekundarnog hiperaldosteronizma i atrijskog natriuretskog peptida u održavanju ravnoteže soli i ishodu bolesti u cirozi jetre.
PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the role of secondary hyperaldosteronism and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in maintaining the balance of sodium and the outcome of liver cirrhosis with ascites. Fifty patients with liver cirrhosis and massive ascites in Child-Pugh stage C of the disease were randomly allocated into groups that underwent different protocols for the treatment of ascites. We analyzed the influence of the treatment protocol on the short-term outcome of the disease and aimed to identify clinically and/or laboratory-measurable influence of administered treatment protocols on the balance of sodium. The analysis of short-term outcome (30 days) with univariate Cox regression model revealed the association of serum urea (p=0,002), creatinine (p=0,011), potassium (p=0,005) and sodium (p=0,002), creatinine clearance (p=0,020), RAP (p=0,002), and aldosterone (p=0,009) with increased risk of fatal outcome. Multivariate Cox regression model revealed the association of tachycardia (p=0,042) and increased values of serum urea (p=0,030) with increased risk of fatal outcome. Regression stepwise analysis showed that the increased risk of fatal outcome was associated with an increase in RAP values in the sixth hour on day 1 of the study for one unit of measure for 14.5% (p=0.002), decrease in serum sodium for one unit of measure on day 3 for 60.7% (p=0.002), and increase in heart beat frequency per minute for one unit of measure on day 6 of the study for 17.6% (p=0.045). Hyponatremia detected on day 3 of the study had the greatest prognostic value with respect to the development of hepatorenal syndrome and fatal outcome within 30 days. Bed rest for 24 hours led to a non-significant decrease in the degree of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system activation and increased ANP synthesis and release. Removal of 6 L of ascites and volume replacement with colloid infusion led to a significant decrease in RAP (p=0.004) and aldosterone (p=0.016), threefold, but non-significant increase in ANP (p=0.056), and significant increase in the ANP/aldosterone ratio (p=0.024) in sixth hour on day 1 of the study. Although the hormonal values had returned to initial values by day 6 of the study, the values of RAP (p=0.009) and aldosterone (p=0.041) remained significantly lower than in the no bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide group. In the latter group, we found significantly increased values of RAP (p=0.002) and aldosterone (p=0.005) on day 6 in comparison with basal values measured on day 1. The observed increase in ANP values after paracentesis and volume expansion with a colloid solution confirms the thesis that there is a cardiac reserve for increased synthesis and secretion of ANP in patients with liver cirrhosis and massive ascites in Child-Pugh stage C. The main mechanism of acutely increased release of ANP is atrial stretch induced by the replacement of circulating volume, which is directly proportionate to the administered volume of colloid solution. Hyperreninemia and secondary hyperaldosteronism showed significant directly proportionate association (p<0.001). Increased synthesis and secretion of aldosterone was influenced by the absolute value of renin and loss of periodic secretion function. The more time patients spent in the vertical position of the body with no activity restrictions, the more significant was association: control measurements on day 2 (p=0.001), day 3 (p<0.001), and day 6 (p<0.001). Higher degree of RAA system activity associated with significant decrease in glomerular filtration, which was proved by significant directly proportionate association between mean arterial pressure and creatinine clearance (p=0.043) and inversely proportionate association of RAP and aldosterone with creatinine clearance (p=0.032; p=0.046) and urine volume on day 3 (p=0.032; p=0.032) and day 6 (p=0.032; p=0.041) in the no bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide group. None of the treatment protocols decreased the hyperosmolality of urine produced. No bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide as a treatment protocol resulted in significantly lower values of filtrated sodium (p=0.005) and sodium excreted in the urine (p=0.032) on day 6 of the study, with significant hypotension (p<0.001), tachycardia (p=0.001), and decreased creatinine clearance (p=0.005). Association between these two variables was directly proportionate during the study in both groups of patients, and significant in both groups on day 6 (p<0.001 for both groups). Sodium content in distal tubules filtrate and the amount of sodium in the urine did not influence kaliuresis. In both groups of patients, we detected complete desynchronization of these two functions. Inversely proportionate association between natriuresis and aldosterone confirms the thesis that aldosterone is one of the important modulators of the balance of sodium in patients with liver cirrhosis and massive ascites. The effect of aldosterone on the distal tubule of the nephron depends on plasma concentration of aldosterone, its activity, and its effectiveness. Although the patients in the bed rest-paracentesis-albumin/plasma/gelatine group had significantly lower plasma concentration of aldosterone on day 6 (p=0.041) and preserved renal perfusion, constantly increased plasma concentration resulted in its stronger effect on distal tubule due to increased tubular sensitivity to aldosterone. Removal of 6 L of ascites and replacement of circulating volume with colloid solution infusion resulted in the threefold increase in ANP, whose values returned to initial ones on day 6 of the study. Although the directly proportionate association between plasma concentration of ANP and natriuresis was determined on each measurement, the detected increase in plasma ANP on day 1 in the bed rest-paracentesis-albumin/plasma/gelatin group was not significantly associated with natriuresis. Significantly higher value of ANP/aldosterone ratio (p=0.024) in the bed rest-paracentesis-albumin/plasma/gelatin group (1.56±2.44) than that in the no bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide group (0.27±0.40) in the sixth hour on day 1 resulted in a positive shift in natriuretic forces, as opposed to antinatriuretic effect of aldosterone and twofold but non-significant natriuresis (0.04±0.06 mmol/min) when compared with the no bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide group (0.02±0.02 mmol/min). Corrected daily balance of sodium on day 1 of the study showed significantly lower value in the bed rest-paracentesis-gelatin group of patients than in the no bed rest-paracentesis group (p=0.002) due to increased intake of sodium through gelatin solution infusion. Analysis of total sodium balance during 6 days of the study showed significantly lower values of total sodium balance in no bed rest-furosemide group of patients (p<0.001) than in the groups treated with paracentesis. There was no significant difference in total sodium balance between groups treated with paracentesis. There were significantly more patients in no bed rest-paracentesis/furosemide group with hepatic encephalopathy (p=0.032), decreased creatinine clearance (p=0.005), more frequent decrease in mean arterial pressure (p<0.001), and 50% RAP increase (p<0.001) on day 6 of the study. Bed rest during 24 hours before and after paracentesis, removal of 6 L of ascites, and replacement of circulating volume using 20% human albumin with low sodium content were the most successful in prevention of post-paracentesis circulatory dysfunctional syndrome. Detected decrease in RAA system activity and increase in the synthesis and release of ANP resulted in a significant increase in natriuresis (p=0.032) on day 6 of the study, without increase in water diuresis.
Abstract in Croatian
Cilj ovog istraživanja bila je studija uloge sekundarnog hiperaldosteronizma i ANP-a u održavanju ravnoteže soli i ishodu bolesti u cirozi jetre s ascitesom. Pedeset bolesnika sa cirozom jetre i masivnim ascitesom u Child-Pugh C stadiju bolesti randomizirano je u skupine s različitim terapijskim protokolima liječenja ascitesa, te je studiran utjecaj liječenja na kratkoročni ishod bolesti i tražen je klinički i/ili laboratorijski mjerljiv utjecaj primijenjenih vrsta liječenja na ravnotežu soli. Kratkoročan ishod bolesti (30 dana) studiran univarijatnim modelom Coxove regresije povezao je serumske vrijednosti ureje (p=0,002), kreatinina (p=0,011), kalija (p=0,005) i natrija (p=0,002), klirensa kreatinina (p=0,020), RAP-a (p=0,002) i aldosterona (p=0,009) s povećanim rizikom smrti; studiran multivarijatnim modelom Coxove regresije povezao je tahikardiju (p=0,042) i porast vrijednosti ureje (p=0,030) u serumu s povećanim rizikom smrti. Model stupanjske regresije pokazao je da je povećan relativni rizik smrti bio povezan uz porast vrijednosti RAP-a prvog dana studije u šestom satu za jednu mjernu jedinicu za 14,5% (p=0,002), pad vrijednosti natrija u serumu za jednu mjernu jedinicu trećeg dana za 60,7% (p=0,002) i porast vrijednosti pulsa u minuti za jednu mjernu jedinicu šestog dana studije za 17,6% (p=0,045). Hiponatrijemija registrirana trećeg dana studije bila je čimbenik s najvećom prognostičkom vjerojatnosti razvitka hepatorenalnog sindroma i smrtnog ishoda bolesti u vremenskom intervalu od 30 dana. Mirovanje u horizontalnom položaju kroz 24 sata rezultiralo je značajnim, statistički nesignifikantnim smanjenjem stupnja aktivacije RAA sustava i povećanjem sinteze i lučenja ANP-a. Odstranjenje 6 litara ascitesa paracentezom i nadoknada cirkulirajućeg volumena infuzijom jedne od koloidnih otopina dovela je do statistički značajnog smanjenja RAP (p=0,004) i aldosterona (p=0,016), te trostrukog, statistički nesignifikantnog porasta ANP-a (p=0,056) i statistički značajnog porasta omjera ANP-a i aldosterona (p=0,024) u šestom satu prvog dana studije. Iako su se vrijednosti hormona postepeno vratile na početne do šestog dana studije i dalje su bile statistički značajno niže vrijednosti RAP (p=0,009) i aldosterona (p=0,041) u odnosu na skupinu kretanje-paracenteza/furosemid, za koju smo registrirali statistički značajno više vrijednosti RAP (p=0,002) i aldosterona (p=0,005) šestog dana studije u odnosu na bazalna mjerenja prvog dana studije. Opažen porast vrijednosti ANP-a nakon paracenteze i nadoknade cirkulirajućeg volumena jednom od koloidnih otopina potvrđuje tezu o postojanju srčane rezerve za povećanom sintezom i sekrecijom ANP-a kod bolesnika sa cirozom jetre i masivnim ascitesom u Child-Pugh C stadiju bolesti. Osnovni mehanizam akutnog povećanog otpuštanja ANP-a je rastezljivost atrija inducirana nadoknadom cirkulirajućeg volumena koloidnom otopinom i upravno je srazmjerna s primijenjenim volumenom. Hiperreninemija i sekundarni hiperaldosteronizam bili su u trajnoj statistički značajnoj upravno srazmjernoj povezanosti (p0,001), povećana sinteza i sekrecija aldosterona bila je pod utjecajem apsolutne vrijednosti renina i gubitka funkcije periodičnog lučenja. Povezanost je bila to značajnija što su bolesnici više vremena proveli u uspravnom položaju tijela bez ograničenja u kretanju: kontrolna mjerenja drugog (p=0,001), trećeg (p<0,001) i šestog (p<0,001) dana studije. Viši stupanj aktivnosti RAA sustava bio je povezan sa značajnim smanjenjem glomerularne filtracije što smo dokazali statistički značajnom upravno srazmjernom povezanosti srednjeg arterijskog tlaka i klirensa kreatinina (p=0,043) i obrnuto srazmjernom povezanosti RAP i aldosterona i klirensa kreatinina (p=0,032; p=0,046) i volumena urina trećeg (p=0,032; p=0,032) i šestog (p=0,032; p=0,041) dana studije za skupinu kretanje-paracenteza/furosemid. Ni jedan od primijenjenih protokola liječenja nije doveo do smanjenja formiranja hiperosmolalnog urina. Terapijski protokol kretanje-paracenteza/furosemid rezultirao je statistički značajno nižom vrijednostima filtriranog natrija (p=0,005) i natrija izlučenog urinom (p=0,032) šestog dana studije uz statistički značajnu hipotenziju (p0,001)), tahikardiju (p=0,001) i smanjen klirens kreatinina (p=0,005). Promatrana povezanost između ove dvije varijable bila je upravno srazmjerna tijekom studije za obje skupine bolesnika, a statistički značajna za obje skupine šestog dana studije (p0,001, p0,001). Sadržaj natrija u filtratu u distalnom kanaliću i količina natrija izlučenog urinom nisu imali utjecaja na kalijurezu. U obje skupine bolesnika registrirali smo potpunu desinhronizaciju između ove dvije funkcije. Obrnuto srazmjerna povezanost između natriureze i aldosterona potvrđuje tezu da je aldosteron jedan od važnijih modulatora ravnoteže soli u cirozi jetre s masivnim ascitesom. Učinak aldosterona na distalni kanalić nefrona ovisi o plazmatskoj koncentraciji aldosterona, njegovoj aktivnosti (doprinosa aldosterona kalijuriji) i učinkovitost (učinka aldosterona na distalni kanalić). Iako su bolesnici iz skupine mirovanje-paracenteza-albumin/plazma/želatina imali statistički značajno nižu plazmatsku koncentraciju aldosterona šestog dana studije (p=0,041) i sačuvanu perfuziju bubrega njegova trajno povišena plazmatska koncentracija dovela je do povećanog učinka na distalni kanalić zbog povećane tubularne osjetljivosti na aldosteron. Odstranjenje 6 litra ascitesa paracentezom i nadoknada cirkulirajućeg volumena infuzijom koloidne otopine doveli su do trostrukog porasta ANP-a koji se šestog dana studije vratio na početne vrijednosti. Iako smo u svim mjerenjima registrirali upravno srazmjernu povezanost između plazmatske razine ANP-a i natriureze, registriran porast plazmatske razine ANP-a prvog dana studije za skupinu mirovanje-paracenteza-albumin/plazma/želatina nije bio statistički značajno povezan s natriurezom. Statistički značajno viša vrijednost omjera ANP-a i aldosterona (p=0,024) za skupinu mirovanje-paracenteza-albumin/plazma/želatina (1,562,44) u odnosu na skupinu kretanje-paracenteza/furosemid (0,270,40) u šestom satu prvog dana studije dovela je do pozitivnog pomaka natriuretičkih sila naprama antinatriuretičkom učinku aldosterona i dvostruko veće, statistički nesignifikantne (p=0,113) natriureze (0,040,06 mmol/min) u odnosu na skupinu kretanje-paracenteza/furosmid (0,020,02 mmol/min). Analiza korigirane dnevne bilance natrija prvog dana studije pokazala je statistički značajno nižu vrijednost za skupinu mirovanje-paracenteza-želetina u usporedbi sa skupinom kretanje-paracenteza (p=0,002) zbog povećanog unosa natrija infuzijom otopine želatine. Analiza ukupne bilance natrija tijekom 6 dana studije pokazala je statistički značajno niže vrijednosti ukupne bilance natrija za skupinu kretanje-furosemid (p0,001) u usporedbi sa skupinama liječenih paracentezom. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u ukupnoj bilanci natrija unutar skupina liječenih parecentezom. Bolesnici iz skupine kretanje-paracenteza/furosemid imali su statistički značajno više pogoršanja stupnja portalne encefalopatije (p=0,032), smanjenje vrijednosti klirensa kreatinina (p=0,005), veću učestalost smanjenja srednjeg arterijskog tlaka (p0,001) i porast RAP za 50% (p0,001) šestog dana studije. Mirovanje 24 sata prije i nakon zahvata, odstranjenje 6 litara ascitesa paracentezom i nadoknada cirkulirajućeg volumena 20% otopinom humanog albumina s malim sadržajem natrija bili su najuspješniji u prevenciji nastanka postparacentezonog cirkulatornog disfunkcijskog sindroma. Registrirano smanjenje aktivnosti RAA sustava i porast sinteze i lučenja ANP-a rezulitiralo je statistički značajnim porastom natriureze (p=0,032) šestog dana studije, bez porasta vodene diureze.
Item Type: |
Thesis
(PhD)
|
Mentors: |
Mentor |
---|
Zjačić-Rotkvić , Vanja |
|
Departments: |
Katedra za internu medicinu |
Depositing User: |
dr.med. Helena Markulin
|
University: |
Sveučilište u Zagrebu |
Institution: |
Medicinski fakultet |
Number of Pages: |
183 |
Status: |
Unpublished |
Creators: |
Creators | Email |
---|
Degoricija, Vesna | UNSPECIFIED |
|
Date: |
19 April 2004 |
Date Deposited: |
07 Apr 2008 |
Last Modified: |
23 Sep 2011 16:10 |
Subjects: |
/ |
Related URLs: |
|
URI: |
http://medlib.mef.hr/id/eprint/348 |
Actions (login required)
|
View Item |
Downloads per month over past year