Eugenika u hrvatskoj medicini i njezin utjecaj na javnost u razdoblju od 1859. do 1945. [Eugenics in Croatian medicine and its public influence 1859-1945]

Kuhar, Martin (2015) Eugenika u hrvatskoj medicini i njezin utjecaj na javnost u razdoblju od 1859. do 1945. [Eugenics in Croatian medicine and its public influence 1859-1945]. PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.

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Abstract

Eugenics was defined in 1883 as the science of race improvement by Francis Galton, but as a practical discipline it became implemented only in the twentieth century. The subject of eugenics in the countries of Southeastern Europe has only recently been identified as an interesting research topic, whereas in Croatia it has remained a largely unexplored field. In this dissertation I have predominantly used arhival sources such as journals, but also the relevant unpublished material. In Croatia, eugenics went through four main phases. The first one is the phase of early Croatian eugenics until 1918, characterized by legal problems of security and criminality; the second, a phase of public health eugenics, epitomized by Andrija Štampar; the third, eugenics between 1925 and 1941, represented with biologist Boris Zarnik; and a fourth phase, eugenics during the Independent State of Croatia, during which eugenics was professionally in the hands of Milan Gjukić. The reconstruction of Croatian eugenics shows that the overwhelming majority of eugenicists were physicians, who transferred the foreign eugenic and racial ideas to specific Croatian context, modifying them extensively in the process. Moreover, it has been shown that eugenics never became a proper research topic in Croatia, nor was it legalized.

Abstract in Croatian

Eugeniku je kao znanost o popravljanju rase definirao još 1883. godine Francis Galton, no ona se kao praktična disciplina počela implementirati tek u 20. stoljeću. Na prostoru jugoistočne Europe tek se odnedavno počela istraživati povijest rasnih teorija i eugenike, dok je u Hrvatskoj ta tema velikim dijelom neistražena. U disertaciji sam koristio dostupne arhivske izvore iz kojih sam rekonstruirao povijest hrvatske medicinske eugenike i njene predstavnike, najvećim dijelom javna glasila, ali i druge primarne arhivske izvore poput rukopisne građe. Eugenika je u Hrvatskoj prošla kroz četiri faze. Prvo je razdoblje rane hrvatske eugenike, do 1918. godine, karakterizirano pravnim problemima sigurnosti i kriminala; drugo, razdoblje javnozdravstvene eugenike, obilježeno ličnošću Andrije Štampara; treće, razdoblje od 1925. do 1941. godine, reprezentirano ponajprije biologom Borisom Zarnikom; te četvrto, razdoblju NDH, kada se eugenikom profesionalno bavi liječnik Milan Gjukić. Iz povijesnog je razvoja hrvatske eugenike vidljivo da su njeni nositelji bili liječnici, koji su inozemne eugeničke i rasne ideje prenosili na specifični hrvatski kontekst, ekstenzivno ih modificirajući. Također, potvrdilo se da eugenika u Hrvatskoj nije zaživjela kao prava istraživačka disciplina, niti je ona bila ozakonjena.

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