Mentorstvo i preporučiteljski odnos u akademskoj medicini

Sambunjak, Dario (2009) Mentorstvo i preporučiteljski odnos u akademskoj medicini. PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.

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Abstract

Background- Mentoring in academic medicine attracts an increasing attention of researchers and policy makers. It is considered to be a catalyst of personal and professional growth and development, as well as an important vehicle for the transfer of academic values and science-based practice to the new generations of academic physicians. In the countries of scientific periphery, mentors can help young researchers obtain a training in a recognized research center abroad and thus contribute to the build-up of the scientific capacity of their home country. However, the meaning and key features of mentoring are not always clear and the term is used, sometimes inappropriately, to describe different forms of developmental relationships. Also, the effects of mentoring need to be carefully evaluated and weighted against the costs, as medical faculty are challenged by increasing clinical, administrative, research and educational demands. We conducted systematic reviews to explore and summarize the existing evidence about the meaning, characteristics, prevalence and effects of mentoring in academic medicine. Furthermore, we conducted a primary qualitative research to explore the use of senior academicians’ informal networks to promote international mobility and scientific training of junior medical researchers, as a part of mentoring and other developmental relationships. Methods- In the systematic review of quantitative research, we searched the Pubmed/MEDLINE, Current Contents, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases from the earliest available date to May 2006. We identified studies evaluating the effect of mentoring on career choices and academic advancement among medical students and physicians. Minimum inclusion criteria were the description of the study population and availability of extractable data. No restrictions were placed on study methods or language. Abstracted data were grouped thematically into evidence tables and interpreted. In the systematic review of qualitative research, we searched Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Scopus and Current Contents databases from the earliest available date to December 2008 and included studies that used qualitative research methodology to explore the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in the institutions of academic medicine. No restrictions were 178 placed on language of articles. The data were extracted, abstracted, summarized and synthesized. Primary qualitative research included 8 senior academicians who acted as the recommenders and 8 physicians who used the senior academicians’ recommendations to get a research training in a laboratory abroad. The sample was purposive, obtained by a snowball method, and included participants from all four Croatian schools of medicine. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, which were transcribed and analysed using the “Framework” approach. Results- In the systematic review of quantitative research, the literature search identified 3640 citations. Review of abstracts led to retrieval of 142 full text articles for assessment; 42 articles, describing 39 studies, were selected for review. Most of these were conducted in North America, and 34 (87%) were cross-sectional self-report surveys with small sample size and response rates. One case-control study nested in a survey used a comparison group without mentoring, and 1 cohort study had small sample size and large loss to follow-up. Less than 50% of medical students and in some fields less than 20% of faculty members had a mentor. Women perceived that they had more difficulty finding mentors than their male colleagues. Mentorship was reported to have an important influence on personal development, career guidance, career choice, and research productivity, including publication and grant success. In the systematic review of qualitative research, 8487 citations were identified, 114 full text articles were assessed and 9 articles were selected for review. All studies were conducted in North America and most focused on initiation and cultivation phases of the mentoring relationship. Mentoring was described as a complex relationship based on mutual interests, both professional and personal. Mentees should take an active role in the formation and development of mentoring relationship. Good mentors should be sincere in their dealings with mentees, able to listen actively and understand mentees' needs, and have a well-established position within the academic community. Some of the mentoring functions aim at the mentees’ academic growth and others at personal growth. Barriers to mentoring and dysfunctional mentoring can be related to personal factors, relational difficulties and structural/institutional barriers. Qualitative research showed that the process of recommending junior physicians for research training abroad can take four forms: 1) “forwarding information”, 2) “writing 179 recommendations” or “passive recommending”, 3) “active recommending”, and 4) “mentor recommending”, with the increasing level of trust, commitment and the control over success, and the decreasing number of possible recommendees from the first to the fourth form. Senior academicians can best act as recommenders if they are sufficiently motivated, scientifically active and internationally recognized, and have a personal experience of research training abroad. Two distinct types of recommendees were identified – the ones with the previous experience of research and collaboration with recommender, and the ones without such experience. The former type is usually involved in mentor recommending, and the latter in active or passive recommending. In the process of recommending, four important phases can be identified: making the first contact and assessing the candidate, and the phases before, during and after the research training abroad. Careful planning and preparation of both leaving abroad and returing to home country are crucial for the success of the process of recommending. The recommending can be beneficial for all the involved actors – recommendees, recommenders and laboratories abroad, as well as for the scientific community and broader society of the sending country. Brain drain is the major risk of the process of recommending, but can be reduced by adequate planning and policies. Conclusions- Mentoring is a developmental relationship situated in a social context and shaped by the institutional culture and climate. Successful mentoring requires commitment and interpersonal skills of the mentor and mentee, but also a facilitating environment of the academic medicine's institutions. Mentoring is perceived as an important part of academic medicine, but the evidence to support this perception is not strong. Studies using more rigorous methodology, addressing contextual issues and using control groups, prospective designs as well as cross-disciplinary approaches, are needed to improve the quality of evidence for the value of mentoring. The role of mentors in promoting mentees’ mobility and research training abroad should be acknowledged. The institutions of academic medicine, especially those in the countries of the scientific periphery, could facilitate and make use of this function by introducing formal policies that encourage senior academicians to act as mentors and recommenders, and junior researchers to take the opportunity of research training abroad.

Abstract in Croatian

Osnova- Mentorstvo u akademskoj medicini privlači sve veću pozornost istraživača i upravitelja. Smatra se da mentorstvo može djelovati kao katalizator osobnog i profesionalnog rasta i razvoja, te važno sredstvo prijenosa akademskih vrijednosti i prakse zasnovane na dokazima novim generacijama liječnika u akademskoj medicini. U zemljama znanstvene periferije, mentori mogu pomoći mladim znanstvenicima da steknu priliku obrazovati se u uglednim inozemnim istraživačkim centrima i na taj način doprinijeti povećanju znanstvenih kapaciteta svoje zemlje. Značenje i glavna svojstva mentorstva, međutim, nisu uvijek sasvim jasni, a taj pojam se, katkad neprimjereno, koristi za označavanje različitih oblika razvojnih odnosa. Također, učinci mentorstva moraju biti pomno procijenjeni i odmjereni prema troškovima, s obzirom na sve veće kliničke, administrativne, istraživačke i nastavne obveze liječnika u akademskoj medicini. U ovoj disertaciji smo dvama sustavnim pregledima istražili i saželi postojeće dokaze o značenju, osobinama, učestalosti i učincima mentorstva u akademskoj medicini. Nadalje, primarnim kvalitativnim istraživanjem ispitali smo na koji način stariji članovi akademske zajednice koriste svoje neformalne kontakte kako bi, u okviru mentorstva i drugih razvojnih odnosa, potaknuli međunarodnu mobilnost i znanstvenu izobrazbu mladih liječnika. Postupci- U sustavnom pregledu kvantitativnih istraživanja, pretražili smo bibliografske baze podataka Pubmed/MEDLINE, Current Contents, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO i Scopus, od najranijeg dostupnog datuma do svibnja 2006. godine. Prepoznali smo istraživanja koja su se bavila učincima mentorstva u populaciji studenata medicine i liječnika. Minimalni kriteriji uključenja bili su opis ispitivane populacije i dostupnost podataka. Nismo postavili nikakva ograničenja glede istraživačkih metoda ili jezika. Ekstrahirani i sažeti podaci tematski su razvrstani u tablice dokaza. U sustavnom pregledu kvalitativnim istraživanja, pretražili smo bibliografske baze podataka Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Scopus i Current Contents, od najranijeg dostupnog datuma do prosinca 2008. godine. Uključili smo istraživanja koja su koristila kvalitativnu metodologiju kako bi ispitala značenje i značajke mentorstva u ustanovama akademske medicine. Nismo postavili ograničenja glede jezika istraživanja. Podatke smo ekstrahirali, saželi i objedinili. U primarnom kvalitativnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 8 starijih članova akademske zajednice koji su imali iskustvo u ulozi preporučitelja, te 8 liječnika koji su pomoću preporuke starijeg člana akademske zajednice bili upućeni na dugotrajnu znanstvenu izobrazbu i usavršavanje u inozemni laboratorij. Uzorak je bio ciljan, oblikovan postupkom snježne grude (engl., snowball method), a uključivao je sudionike iz sva četiri medicinska fakulteta u Hrvatskoj. Podaci su prikupljani tzv. dubinskim intervjuima, koji su bili transkribirani i analizirani prema metodi tematskog okvira. Rezultati- U sustavnom pregledu kvantitativnih istraživanja, pretraživanjem literature pronađeno je 3640 citata. Nakon pregleda naslova i sažetaka, odabrana su 142 članaka za provjeru punoga teksta, a 42 članka, koja su prikazala rezultate 39 istraživanja, konačno su uvrštena u sustavni pregled. Među njima, većina ih je provedena u Sjevernoj Americi, a njih 34 (87%) bile su presječne studije anketnoga tipa s razmjerno malim uzorcima i stopama odgovora, Jedna studija parova u okviru anketnog istraživanja koristila je kontrolnu skupinu bez mentorstva, a jedino kohortno istraživanje imalo je mali uzorak i veliku stopu osipanja. Manje od 50% studenata medicine i u nekim područjima manje od 20% nastavnog osoblja imalo je mentora. Žene su ocijenile da imaju više teškoća u pronalaženju mentora od svojih muških kolega. Učinak mentorstva utvrđen je u području osobnog razvoja, vođenja i odabira karijere, te istraživačke produktivnosti, što uključuje publikacije i dobivene projekte. U sustavnom pregledu kvalitativnih istraživanja, pronađeno je 8487 citata, proučeno je 114 cjelovitih tekstova članaka, a 9 članaka je konačno uvršteno u sustavni pregled. Sva istraživanja provedena su u Sjevernoj Americi, a uglavnom su se bavila početnim fazama mentorskog odnosa – inicijacijom i kultivacijom. Mentorstvo je opisano kao složeni odnos zasnovan na međusobnim interesima, kako profesionalnim tako i osobnim. Mentorandi bi trebali preuzeti aktivnu ulogu u zasnivanju i razvoju mentorskih odnosa. Mentori bi trebali biti iskreni u odnosu s mentorandom, sposobni aktivno slušati i razumjeti mentorandove potrebe, te imati ugled u akademskoj zajednici. Neke od mentorskih funkcija imaju za cilj poticati akademski razvoj, a neke osobni rast mentoranda. Prepreke mentorstvu i disfunkcionalno mentorstvo mogu biti vezani uz osobne čimbenike, teškoće u međusobnom odnosu mentora i mentoranda, te strukturalne, odnosno institucionalne prepreke. Primarno kvalitativno istraživanje pokazalo je da proces preporučivanja mladih liječnika za znanstvenu izobrazbu u inozemstvu može poprimiti četiri oblika: 1) „prosljeđivanje informacija“, 2) „pisanje preporuka“ ili „pasivno preporučivanje“, 3) „aktivno preporučivanje“ i 4) „mentorsko preporučivanje“. Od prvoga prema četvrtomu obliku povećava se stupanj međusobnog povjerenja i posvećenosti, te kontrole nad uspjehom, a smanjuje se broj preporučenika koje je moguće angažirati. Stariji članovi akademske zajednice mogu djelovati kao dobri preporučitelji ako su dovoljno motivirani, znanstveno aktivni i međunarodno prepoznati, te imaju osobno iskustvo znanstvene izobrazbe u inozemstvu. Mogu se razlikovati dva različita tipa preporučenika – oni s prethodnim iskustvom znanstvenoga rada i suradnje s preporučiteljem, te oni bez takvoga iskustva. Prvi obično sudjeluju u mentorskom, a drugi u pasivnom ili aktivnom preporučivanju. U procesu preporučivanja postoje četiri ključne faze: uspostavljanje kontakta i procjena kandidata, te faze prije, za vrijeme i nakon boravka preporučenika u inozemstvu. Pomno planiranje i priprema kako odlaska, tako i povratka, ključni su za uspjeh preporučivanja. Preporučivanje može donijeti koristi svim sudionicima toga procesa – preporučenicima, preporučiteljima i laboratorijima u inozemstvu, kao i znanstvenoj i široj društvenoj zajednici u domovini. Tzv. odljev mozgova glavni je rizik preporučivanja, no može se ublažiti odgovarajućim planiranjem i politikom. Zaključci- Mentorstvo je razvojni odnos usko vezan uz društveni kontekst, na čije oblikovanje utječu institucionalna klima i kultura. Uspješno mentorstvo podrazumijeva posvećenost i interpersonalne vještine mentora i mentoranda, ali i podupiruće okružje ustanova akademske medicine. Mentorstvo se smatra važnim dijelom akademske medicine, no dokazi koji bi trebali podupirati to opažanje nisu jaki. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi primijeniti strože znanstvene metode, ponajprije kontrolne skupine i prospektivan ustroj, te uzeti u obzir kontekstualna pitanja kako bi se poboljšala kvaliteta dokaza o vrijednosti i učinku mentorstva. Uloga mentorstva u promicanju međunarodne mobilnosti i znanstvene izobrazbe mentoranda trebala bi biti prepoznata. Ustanove akademske medicine, osobito one u zemljama znanstvene periferije, mogle bi potaknuti i iskoristiti ovu funkciju mentorstva uvođenjem formalnih mjera politike koje bi ohrabrile starije članove akademske zajednice da djeluju kao mentori i preporučitelji, a mlade istraživače da prihvate mogućnost znanstvene izobrazbe u inozemstvu.

Item Type: Thesis (PhD)
Mentors:
Mentor
Marušić, Matko
Departments: Izvan medicinskog fakulteta
Depositing User: dr.med. Helena Markulin
University: Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Institution: Medicinski fakultet
Number of Pages: 204
Status: Unpublished
Creators:
CreatorsEmail
Sambunjak, DarioUNSPECIFIED
Date: 14 December 2009
Date Deposited: 02 Nov 2012 10:19
Last Modified: 02 Nov 2012 10:44
Subjects: W Health Professions > W 1-28 Reference Works. General Works
Related URLs:
    URI: http://medlib.mef.hr/id/eprint/1651

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