Signalni put HH-GLI i njegova interakcija s genima BRCA1 i BRCA2 u zloćudnim epitelnim novotvorinama jajnika [Interaction of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene in ovarian cancer]

Maurac, Ivana (2011) Signalni put HH-GLI i njegova interakcija s genima BRCA1 i BRCA2 u zloćudnim epitelnim novotvorinama jajnika [Interaction of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene in ovarian cancer]. PhD thesis, Sveučilište u Zagrebu.

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Abstract

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer in women, taking 3% of malignancies and 6% of mortality of all cancers in women. Etiology of ovarian cancer is still not ascertained. There are several factors associated with genesis of ovarian cancer (gestation, lactation, sterility, oral contraception, hormone replacement therapy, K-ras and HER-2/neu oncogenes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene and p53 tumor supresor gene). The Hh-Gli signaling pathway participate in one third of all lethal tumors and therefore is very important target as potential cancer therapy. Interaction of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene in genesis of ovarian cancer is insufficient and our plan was to explore the importance of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway in ovarian cancer genesis, especially in communication between stromal and epithelial tissue. ----- Materials and methods: In period from 2007 till 2010 year there are collected 13 ovarian cancers, 7 borderline ovarian tumors and 3ovarian fibromas. Methods which we used in our study were: extraction of RNA and DNA from tissue, cells and blood, measurement of DNA concentration, verification of RNA quality and concentration, reverse transcription, qRTPCR, statistical data analysis, mutation analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene, LOH, cultivation and preservation of cell culture, MTT test, transfection, migration and RNA silencing. ----- Results: We found that the enhanced gene expression of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene and survivin is present in ovarian cancers and bordeline ovarian tumors. Ovarian tumors show enhanced expression of all genes: PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, SHH, SUFU, BRCA1, BRCA2 and survivin. The expression of PTCH1, SHH and BRCA2 genes is changing in different types of tumors and FIGO stages. The higher expression of PTCH1 gene is present in lower FIGO stages of ovarian cancers, and lower expression of PTCH1 gene is present in borderline ovarian tumors and fibromas. The expression of SHH gene is the lowest in FIGO stages I, II and III of ovarian cancer, higher in borderline ovarian tumors and the highest in fibromas. Remarkably correlation was found between GLI-SUFU-SMO and BRCA1-BRCA2 gene, mild between PTCH1-SUFU and PTCH1-SMO and low correlation between PTCH1-survivin and PTCH1-GLI1. The SHH ligand has a major effect on cell proliferation and migration. Transfection of GLI1 construct enhance the expression of PTCH1, SMO, GLI2 and SUFU, but not GLI3. Very important finding is that the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene is connected with the Hh-Gli signalig pathway. Cyclopamin, after 24 hours, can inhibit the Hh-Gli signalig pathway. Silencing of PTCH1 enhance the expression of SUFU by compensation mechanism, and reduce the expression of GLI1, BRCA1, BRCA2 gene and survivin. Silencing of PTCH1 does not change the expression of SMO indicating that the expression of SMO is not regulated by transcription factor GLI1. Silencing of SUFU reduce the expression of GLI1 and PTCH1. ----- Conclusion: The enhanced gene expression of the Hh-Gli signaling pathway, BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene and survivin is present in ovarian cancers and bordeline ovarian tumors. The expression of PTCH1, SHH and BRCA2 genes is changing in different types of tumors and FIGO stages. Remarkably correlation was found between GLI-SUFU-SMO and BRCA1- BRCA2 gene in all ovarian tumors. Transfection of GLI1 construct enhance the expression of PTCH1, SMO, GLI2 and SUFU, but not GLI3. Very important finding is that the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene is connected with the Hh-Gli signalig pathway. The SHH ligand has a major effect on cell proliferation and migration. Cyclopamin, after 24 hours, can inhibit the Hh-Gli signalig pathway. Silencing of PTCH1 enhance the expression of SUFU by compensation mechanism, and reduce the expression of GLI1, BRCA1, BRCA2 gene and survivin. Silencing of SUFU reduce the expression of GLI1 and PTCH1.

Abstract in Croatian

Uvod: Zloćudna novotvorina jajnika ili karcinom jajnika je sedmi po redu karcinom u žena, čineći 3% svih maligniteta i 6% svih smrtnosti od karcinoma u žena. Uzrok nastanka karcinoma jajnika, još uvijek, nije razjašnjen. Postoji nekoliko čimbenika koji su povezani s povećanom ili smanjenom opasnošću od nastanka zloćudnog tumora (rađanje, dojenje, neplodnost, oralna kontracepcija, hormonsko nadomjesno liječenje, K-ras i HER-2/neu onkogeni, BRCA1 i BRCA2 te p53 tumor supresor geni). Prema najnovijim procjenama signalni put Hh-Gli sudjeluje u jednoj trećini svih smrtonosnih tumora, pa prema tome postaje vrlo značajnom metom potencijalnih terapija raka. Malo se zna o ulozi signalnog puta Hh-Gli u nastanku karcinoma jajnika i o interakciji tog puta s genima BRCA1 i BRCA2. U ovom istraživanju željeli smo ispitati značaj signalnog puta Hh-Gli na zloćudnim epitelnim tumorima jajnika, posebice u komunikaciji između strome i epitela. ----- Materijali i metode: U periodu od 2007. do 2010. godine prikupljeno je 13 karcinoma jajnika, 7 “borderline” tumora jajnika i 3 fibroma jajnika. Metode koje smo koristili u ovom istraživanju su: ekstrakcija RNA iz tkiva i stanica, ekstrakcija DNA iz tkiva i krvi, mjerenje koncentracije DNA, provjera kvalitete i koncentracije RNA, reverzna transkripcija, kvantitativni real-time PCR, statistička obrada podataka, analiza mutacija gena BRCA1 i BRCA2 (fragmentalna analiza i određivanje slijeda nukleotida (sekvenciranje)), analiza gubitka heterozigotnosti, uzgoj i održavanje stanica u kulturi, MTT test, transfekcija, migracija i RNA utišavanje. ----- Rezultati: Rezultati koje smo dobili jasno ukazuju na pojačanu aktivnost gena signalnog puta Hh-Gli, BRCA1, BRCA2 i survivina i u karcinomima jajnika i u „borderline“ tumorima jajnika. Tumori jajnika pokazuju povećanu ekspresiju svih gena signalnog puta Hh-Gli: PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, SHH, SUFU, kao i gena vezanih uz preživljenje stanica (SURVIVIN) te gena uključenih u popravak oštećenja DNA (BRCA1, BRCA2). Također smo utvrdili da se ekspresija PTCH1, SHH i BRCA2 mijenja ovisno o tipu tumora i stadiju bolesti. Značajno je zapažanje da je ekspresija PTCH1 viša u nižim FIGO stadijima karcinoma nego u višima, dok je još niža u „borderline“ tumorima i na kraju najniža u fibromima. Naprotiv, ekspresija SHH je obrnuta, s najnižom ekspresijom u karcinomima FIGO stadija I, nešto višom u karcinomima FIGO stadija II i III, još višom u „borderline“ tumorima te najvišom u fibromima. Pokazali smo da je izvrsna korelacija između GLI-SUFU-SMO te BRCA1- BRCA2 kod svih ispitivanih tumora te slaba povezanost gena PTCH1 s apoptozom putem survivina dok je umjerena povezanost PTCH1 sa SUFU i SMO, a sa GLI1 slaba ili umjerena. Značajno je da ligand SHH protein djeluje proliferativno i pojačava migraciju stanica. Pokazali smo da se signalni put Hh-Gli pokreće ubacivanjem konstrukta Gli1, što uzrokuje povećanje ekspresije PTCH1, SMO, GLI2 i SUFU, ali ne i GLI3. Važno je otkriće da je ekspresija gena BRCA1 i BRCA2 povezana sa signalnim putem Hh-Gli, čime se dodatno daje veliki značaj važnosti povezanosti patologije dojke i jajnika. Pokazali smo da se signalni put Hh-Gli može blokirati ciklopaminom vec nakon 24 sata, te da utišavanje gena PTCH1 izaziva povećanje ekspresije gena SUFU mehanizmom kompenzacije, a smanjenje GLI1, BRCA1, BRCA2 te survivina. Naša su ispitivanja pokazala da se razina gena SMO uglavnom ne mijenja utišavanjem PTCH1, što bi značilo da genska ekspresija koreceptora nije regulirana GLI1 transkripcijskim faktorom, te da utišavanje gena SUFU smanjuje ekspresiju gena GLI1 i PTCH1. ----- Zaključak: Pojačana aktivnost gena signalnog puta Hh-Gli, BRCA1, BRCA2 i survivina prisutna je i u karcinomima jajnika i u „borderline“ tumorima jajnika. Utvrdili smo da se ekspresija PTCH1, SHH i BRCA2 mijenja ovisno o tipu tumora i stadiju bolesti. Pokazali smo da je izvrsna korelacija između GLI-SUFU-SMO te BRCA1-BRCA2 kod svih ispitivanih tumora. Signalni put Hh-Gli se pokreće ubacivanjem konstrukta Gli1, što uzrokuje povećanje ekspresije PTCH1, SMO, GLI2 i SUFU, ali ne i GLI3. Važno je otkriće da je ekspresija gena BRCA1 i BRCA2 povezana sa signalnim putem Hh-Gli. SHH protein djeluje proliferativno i pojačava migraciju stanica. Signalni put Hh-Gli može se blokirati ciklopaminom već nakon 24 sata. Utišavanje gena PTCH1 izaziva povećanje ekspresije gena SUFU mehanizmom kompenzacije, a smanjenje GLI1, BRCA1, BRCA2 te survivina dok utišavanje gena SUFU smanjuje ekspresiju gena GLI1 i PTCH1.

Item Type: Thesis (PhD)
Mentors:
Mentor
Orešković, Slavko
Departments: Izvan medicinskog fakulteta
Depositing User: Marijan Šember
University: Sveučilište u Zagrebu
Institution: Medicinski fakultet
Number of Pages: 85
Status: Unpublished
Creators:
CreatorsEmail
Maurac, IvanaUNSPECIFIED
Date: 15 December 2011
Date Deposited: 25 Jan 2012 11:38
Last Modified: 25 Jan 2012 11:38
Subjects: /
Related URLs:
    URI: http://medlib.mef.hr/id/eprint/1468

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